« IL Y A L'ART OFFICIEL, ET IL Y A L’ART » (1935)
René Iché est considéré comme l’un des plus remarquables représentants de la sculpture moderne française, puis après-guerre du mouvement de la Figuration européenne aux côtés d’Henri Moore, Marino Marini, Alberto Giacometti et Francis Bacon.
Figure même de l’artiste engagé, ses recherches esthétiques et techniques ont été menées de front avec une réflexion plus générale sur la place de l’artiste dans la société et dans l’histoire. Il a dveloppé une œuvre érudite, à plusieurs niveaux de lecture, interrogeant ses expériences intimes pour concevoir une œuvre contemporaine de portée universelle.
Pendant la première guerre mondiale, Iché fréquente Guillaume Apollinaire et l’avant- garde à Paris. Démobilisé, il écrit pour la presse et le théâtre, entre dans l’administration avant de tout abandonner pour devenir sculpteur.
Il est proche du groupe de la Section d’or, et d’Auguste Perret, rencontré chez Bourdelle. Il étudie le béton, la céramique, la fonte et l’architecture.
La Guerre et Homme et enfant de 1925, sont les seules œuvres qui ont survécu alors que Forfaiture, jugée « indécente » en 1923 par le Salon des Indépendants reste de nos jours introuvable. Ces œuvres partagent un aspect lisse, tout en rondeur et en sensualité qui adoucit le sujet comme dans le Monument aux morts de 14-18, à Ouveillan, ouvertement pacifiste et aujourd’hui considéré comme l’un des plus beaux de France.
Son Etude de Lutteurs, groupe primitif, en granit, sculpté au tournevis, déconcerte et choque la critique. Un homme nu, dédoublé, affronte ses démons intérieurs. Iché garde l’espoir que l’homme moderne pourra sublimer ses égoïsmes et deux décades plus tard, quand il aura rejoint la Résistance, Iché revisitera ce sujet de manière quasi obsessionnelle avec Lutteurs à terre, Lutteurs à mi-corps, Fragment de Lutteurs...
En 1930 le marchand Léopold Zborowski sort Iché de la misère en lui achetant l’ensemble de sa production. Il organise une première exposition personnelle et les œuvres d’Iché entrent dans les collections des musées européens.
Depuis plusieurs années, Iché soutient les surréalistes dont il partage les approches, artistiques et thématiques, le goût du hasard, de la provocation et de l’humour noir. Ses mystérieuses Inconnue de la Seine et ses masques d'André Breton et de Paul Eluard, yeux clos, immergés dans une léthargie propice à la rêverie et à l’écriture automatique préfigurent ou accompagnent leurs recherches. L’année suivante, comme Alberto Giacometti, il s’investit dans l’art de la médaille dont il repense le choix des sujets et les techniques. ll revient au nu et décline des fragments érotiques de : Jeune Captive, Jeune Homme ou Contrefleur, en plâtre, en bronze et en marbre. Ses portraits psychologiques alternent avec des œuvres-manifestes: Melpomène 36 pour l’intervention en Espagne ou la sublime et provocante Guernica, qu’il modèle le soir même de l’attaque, c’est à dire, bien avant Picasso. Ce squelette d’une fillette, toujours debout mais martyrisée dans sa chair est tout droit sorti d’un cauchemar lovecraftien. Guernica ne sera exposée qu’une seule fois, en septembre 1939.
Germaine Tillon racontait que dans un même élan, pendant l’Occupation, Iché improvisa sous ses yeux la Déchirée à partir d’un nu de 1937. Elle devient le symbole de la Liberté, aveugle et implorante. Une fonte, produite par Iché parvient au Général De Gaulle à Londres grâce à l’aide de Lucie Aubrac et de Jean Cavaillès.
Après la Libération, Iché inscrit ses Otages ou les Lutteurs dans un espace ouvert où la sculpture monumentale s’associe à l’architecture. Dans le prolongement de ses prises de position de l’entre-deux-guerre, Iché fonde et organise de nouvelles instances professionnelles (Maison des artistes, Syndicat des sculpteurs, ADAGP) et obtient l’établissement de la loi du 1%. L’objectif est la reconnaissance professionnelle des artistes plasticiens via des circuits indépendants et l’ouverture de la commande publique aux « non académiques ».
Il décède brutalement le 23 décembre 1954 à Paris, sans avoir pu exécuter le Monument à Apollinaire, finalement réalisé par Pablo Picasso, et le Mémorial aux Martyrs d’Auschwitz qui ne fut jamais réalisé mais pour lequel il avait imaginé un espace collectif réunissant des artistes de nations touchées par la déportation.
Certains projets d’Iché ont été réalisés après sa mort par de jeunes artistes comme l’Enclos du Souvenir au Mont-Valérien ou encore l’installation de sculptures dans les Jardins du Palais-Royal.
Les fontes originales de René Iché sont aujourd’hui produites sous la surveillance de sa petite fille, héritière des droits et auteur du catalogue raisonné. Elle veille à l’intégrité de l’oeuvre et au maintien des directives fixées par René Iché.
René Iché (1897-1954) was a French artist and intellectual.René Iché is considered as being one of the most remarkable representatives of modern French sculpture and, after the war, of the European Figuration movement alongside Henri Moore, Marino Marini, Alberto Giacometti and Francis Bacon.Symbol of the committed artist, his aesthetic and technical research went hand in hand with a more general reflection on the place of the artist in society and history. He has developed an erudite body of work that can be read on several levels, questioning his intimate experiences in order to create a contemporary body of work that is universal in scope.During the First World War, Iché frequented Guillaume Apollinaire and the avant-garde in Paris. When he was demobilised, he wrote for the press and the theatre, and worked in administration before giving it all up to become a sculptor.He was close to the Section d'or group and to Auguste Perret, whom he had met at Bourdelle's studio. He studied concrete, ceramics, cast iron and architecture.La Guerre and Homme et enfant (1925) are the only works to have survived, while Forfaiture, judged "indecent" in 1923 by the Salon des Indépendants, is still impossible to find. These works share a smooth, rounded and sensual aspect that softens the subject, as in the Monument aux morts de 14-18, in Ouveillan, openly pacifist and now considered one of the most beautiful in France.His Etude de Lutteurs, a primitive granite group carved with a screwdriver, disconcerted and shocked the critics. A naked, split man confronts his inner demons. Iché remained hopeful that the modern man would be able to sublimate his egoism, and two decades later, when he joined the Resistance, Iché would revisit this subject almost obsessively, with Lutteurs à terre, Lutteurs à mi-corps, Fragment de Lutteurs...In 1930, the art dealer Léopold Zborowski rescued Iché from poverty by buying all his work. He organised his first solo exhibition and Iché's works entered the collections of European museums.For several years, Iché has supported the Surrealists, sharing their artistic and thematic approaches, their taste for chance, provocation and black humour. His mysterious Inconnue de la Seine and his masks of André Breton and Paul Eluard, eyes closed, immersed in a lethargy conducive to daydreaming and automatic writing, foreshadowed or accompanied their research. The following year, like Alberto Giacometti, he invested himself in the art of the medal, rethinking the choice of subjects and techniques. He returned to the nude and produced erotic fragments of : Jeune Captive, Jeune Homme and Contrefleur, in plaster, bronze and marble. His psychological portraits alternated with manifesto works: Melpomène 36 for the intervention in Spain or the sublime and provocative Guernica, which he modelled on the evening of the attack, in other words, well before Picasso. This skeleton of a little girl, still standing but tortured to the bone, is straight out of a Lovecraftian nightmare. Guernica was only exhibited once, in September 1939. Germaine Tillon told how, during the Occupation, Iché improvised the Déchirée before her eyes, based on a 1937 nude. She became the symbol of freedom, blind and imploring. A cast produced by Iché reached General De Gaulle in London thanks to the help of Lucie Aubrac and Jean Cavaillès. After the Liberation, Iché placed his Otages and Lutteurs in an open space where monumental sculpture was combined with architecture. Following on from the positions he had taken between the wars, Iché founded new professional organisations (Maison des artistes, Syndicat des sculpteurs, ADAGP) and obtained the establishment of the 1% law. The aim was to give professional recognition to visual artists via independent circuits and to open up public commissions to « non-academics ».He died suddenly on December 23rd 1954 in Paris, without having been able to complete the Monument to Apollinaire, which was eventually built by Pablo Picasso, and the Memorial to the Martyrs of Auschwitz, which was never built but for which he had imagined a collective space bringing together artists from nations affected by the deportation.Some of Iché's projects were carried out after his death by young artists, such as the Enclos du Souvenir at Mont-Valérien and the installation of sculptures in the Palais-Royal gardens.René Iché's original fonts are now produced under the supervision of his granddaughter, heir to the rights and author of the catalogue raisonné. She ensures the integrity of the work and the maintenance of the guidelines set by René Iché.
Bernard Blistène : La découverte de certaines de ses œuvres parmi les plus célèbres dont, bien évidemment, l'extraordinaire Guernica, mais aussi l'intérêt qu'a éveillé en moi sa biographie. Je sais qu'aujourd'hui l'idée d'engagement est galvaudée mais il me semble que le chemin d'Iché, ses rencontres, sont d'une importance capitale pour saisir la singularité de son œuvre.
De par ses dates, Iché reste assimilé à la sculpture de l'entre-deux-guerres et à une forme de classicisme qui fait d'ailleurs partie de certains aspects de son travail. Mais en même temps, son parcours est profondément différent pour qu'on éprouve le désir d'y aller voir de près.
Voyez au fil des années 1930, tant par rapport aux républicains espagnols que, bien sûr, par rapport à la Seconde Guerre mondiale et au rôle qu'il a eu dans les Forces françaises libres, combien son œuvre se métamorphose. Mais voyez aussi ce lien si fort avec les poètes : ses amitiés de jeunesse avec Joë Bousquet, sa proximité avec Guillaume Apollinaire et Pierre Reverdy ou Max Jacob, ses rencontres avec ceux qui deviendront les surréalistes dont il fera les célèbres masques. Iché est certes un homme engagé mais ses études d'histoire de l'art, ses fréquentations des esprits les plus aiguisés du temps font que son œuvre est en constante métamorphose. Et c'est dans cette perspective que j'attends de ces expositions qu'elles contribuent à ébranler une histoire de l'art par trop linéaire.
Interview with BERNARD BLISTÈNE
Rose-Hélène Iché, scientific curator and editor-in-chief of Surréalismus, discusses the work of her grandfather René Iché with Bernard Blistène, honorary director of the National Museum of Modern Art at the Centre Pompidou, who has long been drawn to the uniqueness of the artist.
Rose-Hélène Iché: Bernard Blistène, what led you to take an interest in René Iché?
Bernard Blistène: The discovery of some of his most famous works, including the extraordinary Guernica, of course, and the interest sparked in me by his biography. I know that today the idea of commitment is overused, but it seems to me that Iché's path, his encounters, are of crucial importance to grasp the singularity of his work. Due to his dates, Iché is associated with interwar sculpture and a form of classicism, which is indeed part of certain aspects of his work. But at the same time, his journey is profoundly different, making it worth taking a closer look. Iché is, in my eyes, a man of great contrasts. Look at his work, right after World War I, close in spirit to Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, who died on the front in 1915. See how, over the 1930s, both in relation to the Spanish Republicans and, of course, in relation to World War II and his role in the Free French Forces, his work undergoes a metamorphosis. But also notice the strong connection with poets: his youthful friendships with Joë Bousquet, his closeness to Guillaume Apollinaire and Pierre Reverdy or Max Jacob, his encounters with those who would become the surrealists, for whom he made the famous masks. Iché is certainly a committed man, but his art history studies, his associations with the sharpest minds of the time, mean that his work is in constant metamorphosis. And it is from this perspective that I expect these exhibitions to contribute to shaking up an art history that is too linear.
R.-H. I.: Louis Hautecœur's purchase for the Luxembourg museum of a study of the Nude from 1928 - during Iché's solo exhibition at Zborowski's in 1931 - muddles the waters. This first entry into French public collections does not measure up to Iché. We are far from Melpomène 36, which Jean Cassou buys in 1939!
B. B.: One cannot compare Hautecœur's thinking to Cassou's, nor their respective paths... Hautecœur became the director of Fine Arts and Secretary of State under the Occupation. He is the man of classicism and neoclassicism. Cassou, first and foremost, is the man, let's not forget, who is linked to the Spanish Republicans. He is the one who will be dismissed from his duties by the Vichy government and will, later on, organize this traveling exhibition of sculptures in Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia after the war, bringing together three students of Bourdelle, namely Giacometti, Richier, and Iché, as well as Lipchitz, whose post-war work can, in many aspects, be compared to Iché's. Now, just look: between academicism and independent art, it is clear that Iché is seeking a position of his own. And if you get closer to the works, it is clear that his series of Wrestlers from 1942-1946 or the model for the Monument to the Resistance Students of 1951, among many other pieces, leave far behind the idea of academicism that one might want to associate with him. Iché is not Charles Despiau or Paul Belmondo; his work is resolutely caught between stasis and movement, between classicism and modernity; in short, a work grappling with history, in all its forms and states.
R.-H. I.: You yourself pointed out to me that Iché's relationship with the institution interested you.
B. B.: Certainly, because it also allows us to understand that Iché also saw himself as what you call "a reformer." He worked on the status of artists, the issue of public commissions, and copyright, etc. He did not give up on what the role of the state could be in relation to creation. He tried to contribute to an awareness that was all the more necessary since he had witnessed the submission of the state during the war, while some of its officials, on the contrary, tried to resist. It is also quite moving to remember that, upon Iché's death, Picasso took up the commission for a Monument to Guillaume Apollinaire that Iché had wanted but could not realize.
R.-H. I.: Does this interest in the monument come from Henri Focillon?
B. B.: What I mean, and you express it well by mentioning the major figure of Focillon, is that there is also a theoretical aspect to Iché. Focillon is a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure, and even before the 1914-1918 war, he was the director of the Museum of Fine Arts in Lyon and, let's not forget, the substitute for Émile Mâle, who would enter the French Academy, himself a great medievalist. It might be interesting to see what impact medieval sculpture had on Iché's work. We were talking about Derain... Let's remember his Portrait of Iturrino from 1914: a decisive rupture and a kind of "return" that I can think may have had a real impact on Iché.
R.-H. I.: While he was seeking himself as a writer in Montparnasse, he gave up everything for sculpture. It was at Le Dôme that he met a Yale student who took him to Bourdelle...
B. B.: Iché remained attached to Bourdelle both for his work and, no doubt, for his teaching. It is true that we are far from Gaston Baty's puppet theater, which he loved and frequented. But what is fascinating about Iché is precisely these great contrasts that place him, at the same time, in the proximity of heroic figures of sculpture from the late 19th and early 20th centuries and, at the same time, lead him to respond to the request for a mask from Breton or Eluard. These steps that lead him to rub shoulders with the circles of Montparnasse and be, nevertheless, someone who, always guided by this social and political dimension, will at some point question, with Emmanuel Mounier, the construction of the Esprit magazine. This is while working on a special issue on Aesthetics with Marc Chagall, despite eventually moving away from it!
R.-H. I.: A bewildering journey, isn't it?
B. B.: His path itself is a very unique one and, in my opinion, a critical reflection on the status of the sculptor in the first half of the 20th century, which precisely makes none of the divisions around which we tend to think of a work in his case resist. And that's where, if you will, I am very interested to see how his work will now be re-read. I am convinced that there is everything in Iché's art to show that it is an adventure of the spirit that is quite unique and, as such, much more important than has recently been supposed.
Interview excerpt from the catalog of the exhibition René Iché (1897-1954): Art in Struggle at the Museum of La Piscine in Roubaix (June 24, 2023, to September 3, 2023).
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